In this article we present a synthesis of the research affecting pupils’ conceptions of photosynthesis and
plant nutrition. The main false conceptions of the pupils identified in this literature review are: that
green plants find their food in the soil; that water and mineral salts are sufficient to the growth of a
plant; the role of chlorophyll, where the transformation of luminous energy into chemical energy is
never evoked; and air as a source of matter, which is never underlined. Secondly, we are going to see
that several of these false conceptions have been developed during history. For example, the famous
philosopher Aristotle (384–322 BC) thought that plants receive their food from the soil already elaborated.
Several centuries later, the physician and chemist Van Helmont (1677–1644) added more precision
to Aristotle’s conception while claiming that plants use only water for their growth. Finally, we will see
that the analysis of the false theories developed during history will permit in a context of teaching to
valorize the false conceptions of the pupils. Indeed, the history of sciences could incite a teacher to valorize
his pupils’ false conceptions while considering them as an indication of difficulties that deserve
particular pedagogical and didactic tools. The false conceptions constructed by the pupils don’t have to
be ignored in a teaching context because they obey particular reasoning rules, sometimes similar to
those that once guided some scientific steps. This view, drawing on false conceptions developed during
history, gives a dynamic and human picture of the science very distant from the one sometimes carried
on by dogmatic teaching.

• The Teaching of Photosynthesis in Secondary School: A History of the Science Approach

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